Oregon Wines Essay Example for Free

Oregon Wines Essay Although winemaking dates back to 1840’s, in Oregon, commercial production began in 1960’s (Hall). Having a relatively short history of 50 years, today, Oregon is the third largest wine producer state of United States. As of 2009, the state hosts to 453 wineries which are mostly small and family-owned (Wine Communications Group). History of the Oregon Wine Industry The first grape plantation in the region was made by horticulturist Henderson Luelling, in Willamette Valley by 1847. By the 1850’s Peter Britt started growing wine grapes in his Valley View Vineyard, today’s Applegate Valley. According to the census; in 1860, wine production was 11,800 litres (2,600 gallons) in Oregon (Hall). By the 1880’s, Edward and John von Pessls planted Zinfandel, Riesling, and an unkown variety of Sauvignon in southern Oregon. At the same times in the north, in Willamette Valley, Ernest Reuter has been growing Klevner wines which brought him a gold medal at St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 (Hall). The wine industry in Oregon closed down in 1919 because of the Prohibition. It revived by the late 1930’s as a fruit wine-based producer region. At that time there were only two producers, Louis Herbold and Adolph Doener growing grapes. Oregon’s wine industry was also damaged by the success of California winemakers (Hall). The rebirth of Oregon wines dates back to 1961, when Richard Sommer founded Hill Crest Vineyard near Roseburg. Although the production was based on Riesling, he also planted some Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1965, David Lett, the owner of Eyrie Vineyard, planted his first Pinot Noir near Convallis and after 1966, continued the production at Willamette Valley in the Dundee hills. This was the beginning of the era of Pinot Noir which Oregon is nowadays famous for (Hall). By the 1970’s many winemakers immigrated to Oregon from California. Some of them where David and Ginny Adelsheim, Dick Erath, Dick and Nancy Ponzi, Jerry and Ann Preston, Pat and Joe Campbell, Susan and Bill Sokol Blosser and Myron Redford. However, David Lett was the one who placed Oregon on the world’s wine map. In 1980, 1975 Eyrie Vineyard’s South Block Reserve Pinot Noir came second in the grand tasting of wines sponsored by the French Gault Millau guide and this called the attention of press to Oregon as a wine producer state (Hall). In 1990, Oregon was hosted to 70 wineries and 320 growers in 5,682 acres vineyard. In the early 1990s, Oregon wine industry got into the danger of Phylloxera infestation which was prevented quickly by the use of resistant rootstocks. Some beneficial laws for winemakers were enacted by the Oregon Legislature in 1995. For instance, direct in-state shipment from wineries to customers and in-store tasting were legalized (Chemeketa Community College). In 2000, the number of wineries had increased to 135 and 500 growers had been engaged in grapery in 10,500 acres vineyard. In the 2000’s producers have began giving importance to green wine production in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). An Oregon non-profit organization, Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. , has been certifying wineries for meeting certain environmental standards (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. ) In 2005, there were 314 wineries and 519 vineyards in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). Grape Varietals Grown in Oregon Red Wine Varieties| White Grape Varieties| Baco Noir| Chardonnay| Barbera| Chenin Blanc| Black Muscat| Early Muscat| Cabarnet Franc| Gewurtztraminer| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Huxelrebe| Carmine| Melon| Dolcetto| Muller Thrugau| Gamay Noir| Muscat Canelli| Grenache| Pinot Blanc|. Leon Millot| Pinot Gris| Malbec| Riesling| Marechal Foch| Sauvignon Blanc| Merlot| Scheurebe| Petit Verdot| Semillon| Pinot Meunier| Viognier| Pinor Noir| | Sangiovese| | Syrah| | Zinfandel| | (Bernard’s Wine Gallery) Types of Wine Produced in Oregon In Oregon, wine production is mostly based on Pinot Noir and the state is one of the first Pinot-producing regions in the world. Apart from the list below indicating the wine varieties, the state also produces sparkling wine, late harvest wine, ice wine, and dessert wine (Hall). Red Wine Varieties| White Wine Varieties|. Produced in great amount| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Gewurtztraminer| Pinot Noir| Muller Thurgau| Syrah| Pinot Blanc| | Sauvignon Blanc| | Semillon| Produced in smaller amount| Baco Noir| Arneis| Cabarnet Franc| Chenin Blanc| Dolcetto| Viognier| Gamay Noir| | Grenache| | Marechal Foch| | Malbec| | Muscat| | Nebbiolo| | Petit Syrah| | Sangiovese| | Tempranillo| | Zinfandel| | Viticultural Area of Oregon Willamette Valley â€Å"Willamette Valley is the largest AVA of Oregon, running from the Columbia River in Portland south through Salem to the Calapooya Mountains outside Eugene†. The valley is 150 miles long and almost 60 miles wide (Oregon Wine Board). In the valley, summers are generally warm and arid and the winters are cool and rainy. It is ideal for cool climate grapes due to its temperate climate and coastal marine influences. During the growing season, the valley has more daylight hours than other areas of Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). â€Å"The Willamette Valley is an old volcanic and sedimentary seabed that has been overlaid with gravel, silt, rock and boulders brought by the Missoula Floods from Montana and Washington between thousands of years ago. Red Jory soil is the most common volcanic type in the region and provides excellent drainage for superior quality wine grapes. † (Oregon Wine Board) â€Å"The valley is surrounded by the Coast Range to the west, the Cascades to the east and a series of hill chains to the north† (Oregon Wine Board). The Willamette River runs through the middle of the valley. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the west of this river, on the slopes of the Coast Range, or among the valleys and they are mostly located a few hundred feet above sea level (Oregon Wine Board). Columbia Valley Although the Columbia Valley AVA is an 11 million acre growing region, only a small section with 185 miles wide and 200 miles long lies in Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). The valley has a mostly continental high desert climate. The hot days and cool nights provide slow, even ripening and helps grapes keep their natural acidity. Annually, the area only receives 6 to 8 inches of rainfall which makes supplemental irrigation essential in the entire region (Oregon Wine Board). The area is covered with silt and sand which was deposited about 15,000 years ago. The deposited silt and sand came to the region 15,000 years ago because of a series of massive ice age floods and wind-blown loess sediment. Today the region is mostly covered by loess (fine grained calcerous silt) which is well drained and ideal for grapevines (Oregon Wine Board). The Columbia Valley mostly lies on the Columbia River Plateau. The valley is bordered by the mountain ranges on the west and north, by the Columbia River on the south and by the Snake River near Idaho on the east (Oregon Wine Board). Walla Walla Valley. As a sub-appellation of the Columbia Valley AVA, The Walla Walla Valley AVA is in the northeast of Oregon. Although most of the wineries of Walla Walla Valley are located in Washington, almost half of the vines are produced in the Oregon side (Oregon Wine Board). The region has long sunshine-filled days and cool evening temperatures. Annual rainfall is 12. 5 inches due to the Cascade Mountain Range. Therefore, irrigation is necessary for grape growing (Oregon Wine Board). The soils of the region consist of varying combinations of well-drained loam, cobbles, silt and loess (Oregon Wine Board). The valley is located at the foot of the Blue Mountains, with vineyard elevations varying from 650 to 1,500 feet. Cascade Mountain Range borders the western side of the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Umpqua Valley The Umpqua Valley AVA is surrounded by the Coast Range from the west, the Cascade Range from the east, the Willamette Valley AVA from the north and the Rogue Valley AVA from the south. The valley is 65 miles long and 25 miles wide. Umpqua River runs nearby the valley (Oregon Wine Board). There are three different climatic sub-zones in the valley. First one is the northern area around the town of Elkton which has a cool, marine-influenced climate suitable for cool-climate grape varieties. Annual rainfall is around 50 inches; therefore, the viticulturists only benefit from the rain to grow their vines. Second is the central area to the northwest of Roseburg which has an intermediate climate allowing both cool and warm varieties to grow. Last area is located on the south of Roseburg. It is suitable for warm-climate varieties, such as Tempranillo, Syrah and Merlot. This area is more arid which makes irrigation necessary (Oregon Wine Board). The Valley has diverse soils with more than 150 soil types. â€Å"The valley floor levels have mostly deep alluvial or heavy clay materials, while the hillsides and bench locations have mixed alluvial, silt or clay structures† (Oregon Wine Board). The Umpqua Valley is made up of a series of interconnecting small mountain ranges and valleys. The complex topography of the valley is a result of the collision of the Klamath Mountains, the Coast Range and the Cascades (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley The Rogue Valley AVA is located in the border of California. It is 70 miles wide by 60 miles long. Rogue Valley has the highest elevations of Oregons winegrowing regions on the east. However, it is also the warmest and the driest, allowing the winemakers to grow warm-weather varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc. Cool-weather varieties, including Pinot noir do well here due to the mountain and ocean influences (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley has various soil types, ranging from sandy loam to hard clay (Oregon Wine Board). Vineyards are generally located 1,200 to 2,000 feet above the sea level and planted on hillsides. The Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range and the Cascades converging in Rogue Valley lead to a diverse landscape. Besides, the namesake river and its tributaries, the Applegate, Illinois and Bear Creek Rivers run though the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Viticultural Practices in Oregon In Oregon, viticulturists mainly use vertical shoot position (VSP) training. However, combination of Scott Henry and Lyre is also used, with lesser amounts of GDC and hanging. Standard rootstocks used in Oregon are 101-14 and 3309, with a lot of 5C and SO4. Low to moderate vigor sites are being developed to keep the canopies small. Although some meter by meter plantings exist, majority of the vineyards are falling into the 84 to 95 range for quality. Creative viticultural practices are being used in Oregon, for example, â€Å"Joel Myer, a local vineyard consultant, uses a sensible linear feet of trellis formula to determine yields. He suggests that a pound of fruit per foot of trellis will give optimal fruit quality. At Bethel Heights Vineyard, Ted Casteel thins all Pinot Noir to one cluster per shoot. He is also experimenting with planting vines side by side, about a foot apart, and training to single guyot, to increase vine competition and slow vigor. He is also taking one of his most successful Pinot Noir fields on vertical shoot position (VSP) training and converting it to Scott Henry, just to see if opening the canopy will help enhance the ripening process and flavor development (Chien). † â€Å"Oregon has been committed to sustainable winegrowing and earth-friendly practices. Numerous vineyards of the state are certified sustainable, organic, or biodynamic† (Voorhees). Two main organizations that certify Oregon’s vineyards and wineries as sustainable are LIVE and OCSW. Low Input Viticulture Enology (LIVE). LIVE is an organization that provides education and independent third-party certification approving that the vineyards and wineries use international standards of sustainable viticulture and enology practices. They have been certifying vineyards and wineries in Oregon since 1999, in Washington since 2006 and nowadays in all of the Pacific Northwest. LIVE cooperates with Salmon-Safe in order to point out the watershed impacts and administers the Carbon Reduction Challenge, an organization helping wineries achieve energy efficiencies (Voorhees). Oregon Certified Sustainable Wine (OCSW). Founded in 2008, OCSW highlights the commitment of Oregon wineries to the responsible grape growing and winemaking. The organization certifies wine growers who meet both agricultural and winemaking requirements on sustainability and provides them a certification logo to be easily recognized by customers. To meet the agricultural requirements, 97% of the grape must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance and Salmon-Safe. On the other hand, to meet the winemaking requirements, the winery must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance (Voorhees). Producers within Oregon Valley View Winery Valley View Winery, owned by Wisnovsky family, is located in the Applegate Valley AVA, Southern Oregon. Valley View was founded in 1972 and it is one of the oldest wineries in Oregon. Valley View is famous for its pioneering efforts in producing Bordeaux varieties and blends. They mainly use grapes from the Applegate and Bear Creek Valleys of Southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley and produce Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Viognier, Sauvignon blanc, Rousanne, Chardonnay and Syrah (Valley View Winery). The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards was founded by David Lett in 1966. It is composed of 49 acres in several different vineyards in Dundee Hills, Oregon which is a sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA. David Lett produced the first Pinot gris in the United States and first Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards divide their production into three as Estate Reserve wines, Estate wines, and Limited Bottlings. All grapes for their Estate Reserve wines; Pinot noir and Chardonnay, come from Eyrie’s original planting. This is the oldest plating in the Willamette Valley at 40 years. The grapes for Eyrie’s Estate wines come mostly from their three other vineyards; Stonehedge, Sisters, and Rolling Green Farm which were planted in the 1980’s. They grow Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay. Finally, their small production, limited bottling wines include Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Meunier (The Eyrie Vineyards). Abacela Vineyard and Winery In 1992, Earl and Hilda Jones bought a 19th century homestead in southern part of the Umpqua Valley to produce Tempranillo wines which they fell in love to in Spain. In 1994 they built the winery and began planting the Tempranillos they purchased from California. They chose the Umpqua Valley because of its similar climate to the one of Spain’s Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions where Tempranillo grapes are grown. Today, in addition to the eight different Tempranillo clones at Abacela, they grow grapes and produce wine from Spains white variety, Albarino, as well as other Iberian varieties including Graciano, Tinta roriz and Bastardo (used in the production of port-style wines) and French varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petit verdot and Viognier (Wines Northwest). Bibliography Abacela Vine Wine Center in Oregons Umpqua Valley Wine Region. Wines Northwest. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. winesnw. com/abacela. htm. About The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. eyrievineyards. com/journal/? page_id=4. Chien, Mark L. The Oregon Wine Community and Its Viticulture. Pennsylvannia Wine Grape Network. Penn State Cooperative Extension, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www. pawinegrape. com/uploads/PDF%20files/Documents/Travelogues/Other%20Locals/The%20Oregon%20Wine%20Industry%20and%20its%20Viticulture. pdf. Hall, Lisa Shara. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. Ed. Mitchell Beazley. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://avalonwine. com/Oregon-Wine-history. php. History of Oregon Wine. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Oregon_wine. Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://www. liveinc. org/. Northwest Viticultural Center: Oregon Wine Historical Milestones. Discover Chemeketa Community College. Chemeketa.

The Past, Present Future of Mäori Smokers

The Past, Present Future of Mà ¤ori Smokers Introduction Tobacco with the scientific name of Nicotiana tabacum is a plant known to originate on South America during prehistoric times and spread northward to North America. Long before Columbus discovered America 5000 years ago it was believed that the Native Americans already adapted, domesticated and refined the use of tobacco. Europeans and Spanish explorers spread tobacco to Europe and then to Asia including here in New Zealand, since then â€Å"tobacco is the fastest spreading plant in human history† (Herrick, C., Herrick, C., Mitchel, M. 2010). Native Americans first use this by shamans (medicine men) in sacred ceremonies by drying the leaves and smoking it in pipes. Tobacco have played an important role in the history, it is an important bartering product during the precolonial times and was one of the cause in the spread of slavery and the means to win the war for the independence of America. Now a days, many people all over the world use tobacco as a recreation despite the ma ny negative known effects from its use. People smoke tobacco because of its psychoactive effects which in turn relieve anxiety or a means of relaxation from stress and pressure, it stimulate the mind to be more active and sometimes cause hallucination; while most of the time people specifically the younger generations start to smoke to look mature, be like their friends and to experiment. By the time the younger generation becomes an adult, they become addicted and becomes their habit they cannot get away from in the long run. Tobacco smoking known to cause serious preventable diseases that could lead to death such as cancers of different kinds, heart diseases and stroke. This study will describe how did the Mà ¤ori people encounter tobacco smoking, the smoking trends of Mà ¤ori and lastly discuss the ways the government acts to these trends. The Beginning â€Å"Kai paipa† or literally mean eating pipe and â€Å"momi paipa† also means sucking pipe, this are the terms the early Mà ¤ori use to associate smoking but Mà ¤ori did not know tobacco smoking until 1700s when Europeans arrived in New Zealand. The first time they saw James Cook smoking a tobacco, the chief threw water over his head to see if his head was burning since smoke comes out of his mouth. He then told to the Mà ¤ori with him that if the water will put the fire out then he is human, if not then he is a demon and should be killed. After the water will run down his head, the wipe out the fire in the pipe, then it was decided that James Cook was indeed a human. Since then, tobacco was widely used as a standard trade item by 1800s. It was use a payment for Mà ¤ori (including children) for services and or as a form of gift in exchange of land and resources. By then Mà ¤ori of all gender and age become fond of tobacco smoking. Current Trends Currently there are 45.4 percent of Adult Mà ¤ori identified as smokers, this is more than two times the smoking rate of non- Mà ¤ori. 800 Mà ¤ori dies every year because of different smoking-related diseases which puts tobacco smoking as a leading cause of preventable death among Mà ¤ori in New Zealand (Ministry of Health 2009). Mà ¤ori adults have two times (women) and one and a half (men) the rate of smoking in total population. About 30 percent of Mà ¤ori women smoke during their pregnancy in New Zealand (Glover, M. et al. (2007). The number great numbers of Mà ¤ori smokers resulted to $260 million in tobacco taxes each year. Smoking during pregnancy can result to different kinds of complication to the unborn child. This complications are: Sudden infant syndrome (SIDS), premature labour and birth defects like spina bifida, cleft palate, clubfoot, congenital heart diseases and much more. Mà ¤ori begins to smoke at an average age of 14.6 years, but experimentation and initiation of smoking tobacco begins at the age of 10.7 years. On the other hand their non- Mà ¤ori counterparts initiates smoking at the age of 11.8 years old, much older than Mà ¤ori. (Paynter, J. 2008) in general, it is reported the youth got their tobacco by purchasing it themselves or from their friends and family. The rise of Mà ¤ori smokers in New Zealand subsequently also increase the number of Mà ¤ori that are exposed to second hand smoke. A report shows a 23 percent of Mà ¤ori are exposed to second hand smoke inside their homes while 10.9 percent for non- Mà ¤ori. 30.1 percent of Mà ¤ori exposed inside the car compared to 12.6 percent for their non- Mà ¤ori counterpart (New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey 2006). The current trends suggest that the overall population in New Zealand, basing on ethnicity, the Mà ¤ori are much more inclined to smoking compared to other ethnicity. The current trend on Mà ¤ori smoking rates also resulted in a 22 percent of Mà ¤ori deaths that relates to smoking compared to non- Mà ¤ori which only have 20 percent of death rate (Peto, R. 2006). The Help The principle of the treaty of Waitangi says that the crown has a duty to actively protect the Mà ¤ori interest, the word â€Å"Mà ¤ori interest† includes the health and safety. The needs of both Mà ¤ori and the wider community must be met. Health must be available to all and treat everyone â€Å"equally†. On health promotion and health programs, Mà ¤ori should get involve in the planning, delivery and monitoring in partnership with the governing body and non-government organizations for it to be successful. The Ministry of health of New Zealand set 3 objectives basing on the current trends of smoking. These are: to reduce smoking initiation, to increase quitting and lastly to reduce exposure to second-hand smoke. Different programs and promotions were establish to attain these objectives. Some of this programs/projects are: (Ministry of Health 2014) National Quit Month Is provided by ASH New Zealand (Action on Smoking and Health), this project is a national campaign with the aim to create sixty-five thousand quit attempts with the help of different networks of professionals, media, commercial or business partners and other organizations. WERO (Group stop smoking competition) Auckland UniServices are providing this project. In the project, different ethnic groups in New Zealand, including Mà ¤ori and Pacific peoples compete for the most number of smoke quitters. This is with the help of different smoking cessation provider and coach. The project hopes to initiate mass quitting, because this groups are competitive in nature. Campaign to enhance smoking cessation interventions in general practice – This project focuses on the primary care sector. This is project utilizes different kinds of media like video to present information on tobacco smoking and the ways to prevent or stop this addiction. Incentives for Pregnant women to Stop Smoking – due to an increase number of smoking pregnant women, this project will focus on the younger generation. This project will teach and guide them through intensive support and incentives like vouchers given to successful participants. Supporting Smokefree Intersectorally – Provided by Counties Manukau DHB, this projects supports smoking cessation non-government agencies or organizations in the places with greatest need primarily in the place of Counties Manukau. Quit Bus – A mobile bus which travels to different regions, especially to areas that is hard to reach. This bus will provide support with the people who wish to stop smoking. Shifting the Culture in Mental Heal Services This project aims to improve the mind-set of the current acceptance level and the encouragement of smoking. This includes the research and development of guidelines and takes it into action in the primary site. Smoke free Movement – This project provided by Massey University focuses on youth to create a smoke free movement. This includes different competitions like designing of smoke free applications or software, video blogs and video documentaries about smoking. Back to the Future: Preserving our People through Performance – This project is provided by National Heart Foundation – Tala Pasifica. This project uses the conventional methods know to different cultures or traditional methods of communication. These are though entertainment, storytelling, humour and dance. Modern ways of spreading information are fully utilize like Facebook and online blogging. Taking NRT Direct to Smokers – University of Otago is the provider of this project. This project focuses on giving smokers an opportunity to try Medsafe-approved nicotine replacement. Used as a therapy to stop smoking. This will give the smokers motivation and inspiration to quit tobacco smoking. References Broughton, J. (1996). Puffing up a storm:‘Kapai tetorori!’Dunedin: Ngai Tahu Maori Health Research Unit, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago. Herrick, C., Herrick, C., Mitchell, M. (2010). 100 Questions Answers About How to Quit Smoking (pp 2-4). Sudbury, Massachusetts. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Lange, R. (1999)May the people live: a history of Maori health development 1900–1920. Auckland: Auckland University Press. Barnett, R. Pearce, J. Moon, G. (2004). Does socialinequality matter? Changing ethnic socio-economic disparities and Maori smoking in New Zealand, 1981-1996 Broughton, J. (1996). Puffing Up a Storm; Volume I –â€Å"Kapai te torori!† Dunedin: University of Otago Ministry of Health. 2009. Tobacco Trends 2008: A brief update of tobacco use in New Zealand. Wellington. Ministry of Health. Blakely T, Fawcett J, Hunt D, Wilson N. (2006). What is the contribution of smoking and socioeconomic position to ethnic inequalities in mortality in New Zealand? Lancet2006; 368: p. 44-52. Peto, R., Lopez, A.D., Boreham, J., Thun, M. Deaths From Smoking, Mortality From Smoking In Developed Countries 1950-2000 (2nd edition, revised June 2006) Glover M et al. (2007) Cessation support for pregnantwomen who smoke: A survey of New Zealand general practitioners and midwives. Auckland: University of Auckland Paynter, J. (2008). National Year 10 ASH Snapshot Survey, 1999-2008: Trends in tobacco use by students aged 14-15 years. New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey 2006, Wellington:Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. 2014. Smokefree New Zealand 2025 Innovation Funding – Successful Projects. Wellington. Ministry of Health. â€Å"

Evil Spirits - Short Story :: Papers

Evil Spirits - Short Story A number of years ago, as a poor student, I was renting the top 2 floors of a house with 7 other school friends. We thought ourselves lucky to get the house for such a low rent, plus all utilities paid for. With eleven of us, we each paid about $75.00 a month. The house had its fair share of windows facing east and west, so it should be a brightly lit house in the daytime, but, somehow, the house was always rather dark and dim. We could never figure this out. Often at night, we'd hear bumps and creaks; we always put it down as the old 100-125 year old Victorian style house settling down until one night... It was a Friday night, just around spring, exams were done with, and winter was almost over. We were all really overjoyed and happy. We felt that we did well in our exams. That evening, six of us went to the movies, had dinner. After the dinner, we headed home. The celebration continued. We were drinking coke; some of the guys were drinking beer. We were all laughing and joking in the kitchen, when we heard the door open, and footsteps coming up the stairs. We thought, Jenny and Sue were home, they had opted to go to a fellowship rather than join us at our celebration. We called out to the 2 sisters to join us, when we recieved no answer, Tom poked his head outside the kitchen, the dim hallway was empty. We figured, incredible as it sounds, they probably did not hear us, so, Tom went upstairs to the girls' room. A few minutes later, he came back downstairs looking very puzzled. The girls weren't home, yet, we heard someone open the front door and come up those stairs. We shrugged it off as the house settling down or a streetcar coming by shaking the house. A week later, as I was sleeping, I woke up quite suddenly. Unsure what woke me up, I switched on the light.

reciprocal inhibition :: essays research papers

RECIPROCAL INHIBITION eciprocal inhibition n : a method of behavior therapy based on the inhibition of one response by the occurrence of another response that is mutually incompatible with it; a relaxation response might be conditioned to a stimulus that previously evoked anxiety [syn: reciprocal-inhibition therapy] Reciprocal Inhibition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Lengthening Reaction: (previous subsection) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What Happens When You Stretch: (beginning of section) When an agonist contracts, in order to cause the desired motion, it usually forces the antagonists to relax (see section Cooperating Muscle Groups). This phenomenon is called reciprocal inhibition because the antagonists are inhibited from contracting. This is sometimes called reciprocal innervation but that term is really a misnomer since it is the agonists which inhibit (relax) the antagonists. The antagonists do not actually innervate (cause the contraction of) the agonists. Such inhibition of the antagonistic muscles is not necessarily required. In fact, co-contraction can occur. When you perform a sit-up, one would normally assume that the stomach muscles inhibit the contraction of the muscles in the lumbar, or lower, region of the back. In this particular instance however, the back muscles (spinal erectors) also contract. This is one reason why sit-ups are good for strengthening the back as well as the stomach. When stretching, it is easier to stretch a muscle that is relaxed than to stretch a muscle that is contracting. By taking advantage of the situations when reciprocal inhibition does occur, you can get a more effective stretch by inducing the antagonists to relax during the stretch due to the contraction of the agonists. You also want to relax any muscles used as synergists by the muscle you are trying to stretch. For example, when you stretch your calf, you want to contract the shin muscles (the antagonists of the calf) by flexing your foot. However, the hamstrings use the calf as a synergist so you want to also relax the hamstrings by contracting the quadricep (i.e., keeping your leg straight). Reciprocal inhibition This describes muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint. The body handles this pretty well during activities like running, where muscles that oppose each other are engaged and disengaged sequentially to produce coordinated movement. This facilitates ease of movement and is a safeguard against injury. Sometimes, for example, a football running back can experience a "misfiring" of motor units and end up simultaneously contracting the quads and hamstrings during a hard sprint.

Harassment in the Workplace :: Workplace Harassment

Tracy is a 43 year-old accomplished school teacher whose life was turned upside down. She had been teaching for 12 years and had received glowing references and many letters from the Dean congratulating her on her performance. Then, Tracy was transferred to a remote country school where, for the first time in her life, she experienced workplace bullying to the point where she became ill and could no longer face going to work. For six years Tracy put up with bullying. A colleague/superior told her that it wouldn’t matter if she was dead. She was physically pushed. She was isolated by not being included in staff celebrations, or volunteer work projects, and the staff involved would not sit by her. She was humiliated by having a dunce hat placed on her head during a school performance. She was yelled at during a meeting for being late yet others who arrived later received no reprimand. She was denied appropriate resources to do her job and was told that thirty pieces of art paper was sufficient for the entire year. She endured psychological games by being made to feel as though there was something wrong with her. Tracy endured this treatment from her colleagues and superiors for six long years and now she has major depressive illness with anxiety attacks that are so bad that she lies down and groans. She has nighttime enuresis that worsens when she is highly stressed. She has tried to commit suicide. Tracy has become a recluse and describes herself as a shadow of her former confident self. Tracy’s story is not an isolated case. Many workers have endured similar treatment with devastating effects. (Freeman) John said: "I had lost my identity and self-esteem, and there was a lot of unresolved anger that I had to let go of before I could channel my energies into the future.† Simone said: â€Å"I practically turned myself inside out to gain his approval but went nowhere in the company. He ignored my input at meetings, sneered and talked through my presentations. Friends in the business passed on quite vicious rumors about me. I know he started them, but have no proof.

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures I will explain the basic accounting concepts and business structures from the following topics: GAAP sources and hierarchy; Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles; Difference between Accrual based accounting and cash basis of accounting; Types of business structures and the features of each structure. 1. GAAP sources and hierarchy Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is the set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to prepare their financial statements. GAAP principles are the bases of financial reports and the guidelines of United States accounting practices. There are four categories of sources of GAAP hierarchy as follows: Category (A): FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions; APB Opinions; AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins. Category (B): FASB Technical Bulletins (no longer issued), AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides, AICPA Statements of Position. Category (C): FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, AICPA AcSEC Practice Bulletins. Category (D): AICPA Accounting Interpretations, FASB Implementation Guides (Q and A), widely recognized and prevalent industry practices. The category (a) of the GAAP hierarchy has a higher authority than a FASB Technical Bulletin, which is in category (b).The hierarchy is important because it gives the out layer for companies to search for the specific accounting transactions. For example, if a specific transaction can not be covered in category (a), then companies will turn to categories (b) for selecting and applying appropriate accounting principles, then (c) and (d). 2. Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles Good accounting information should be understandable. If no one can not understand the accounting information presented, it becomes useless to lose all of the other qualities. The good accounting information should be Reliable and Relevant. Reliability means verifiable, representation faithfulness, and free of error and bias. If the accounting numbers are wrong, there is no any meaning to use the information. Relevance means predictive or feedback value presented on a timely basis. The internal managerial accounting reports are different from the external financial reports. The relevant information is needed to prepare the different kinds of reports. The good accounting information should be Comparability and Consistency. The good information can be used to identify the differences and similarities between companies. The company consistently use the same accounting treatment for better auditing purposes. 3. Difference between Accrual basis accounting and cash basis of accounting The revenue recognition principle and the expense matching principle are two key elements for Accrual basis accounting. Company uses accrual basis accounting to recognize income when goods are shipped or services are rendered, and to recognize expense when it is obligated to pay it. On the contrast, cash basis accounting recognizes the revenue and expenses when the cash is received and paid. The cash basis accounting is prohibited under GAAP because it does not record revenue and expense when earned and incurred. It will misstate the actual income and expenses incurred and can not reflect the real business operation during the accounting period. 4. Types of business structures and the features of each structure There are three types of business structures-Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, and Corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. It is the simplest form of business ownership. The sole proprietor is in direct control of all affairs and entitled all profits and losses and is free to transfer his interest in the sole proprietorship at will. The disadvantage is that the sole proprietor would be fully responsible for all debts and obligations related to the business. The business would have difficulty in raising capital. Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associate a partner. Partnership can bring broad resources and unique skills. All the partners share profit and losses, share the right to manage and make major business decisions, have unlimited personal liability for obligation of the partnership. For tax advantage, the partnership does not pay federal income tax; rather, partners file their own individual tax return. Disadvantage is that partners are fully and personally liable for the debts if their partnership. Corporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners (called â€Å"shareholders† or â€Å"stockholders†) and manager. It is easy to raise fund. The major advantage of corporation is that the owners are not personally liable for the obligation. Stockholders are free to transfer their ownership interests. Corporation must pay income taxes on any profits that it makes, and stockholders generally do not have to pay income tax on its profits until they are distributed as dividends. The corporate tax rate generally is lower than the personal tax rate.

South Africa Dbq

In 1651, Dutch settlers first arrived in South Africa looking for slaves and goods, at the time they were known as Afrikaners. The Berlin Conference controlled the European colonization and trade in Africa by dividing the country into sections. The African efforts to resist European imperialism failed because they were unable to withstand the advanced weapons and other technology possessed by the Europeans. In 1948, a new system of racial segregation called Apartheid was founded, which caused whites to be superior and non-whites to be looked at as inferior, even though whites made up less than ten percent of South Africa’s population.During Apartheid, the African National Congress was formed, in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, and led by Nelson Mandela. The Afrikaners fiercely supported the Apartheid because they felt it was necessary for their self-preservation, some of the members of the ANC believed in violence to end the Apartheid because the excessive govern ment violence towards them, and the United Nations condemned Apartheid because they felt it was oppressive. The Afrikaners felt that their two options when dealing with the native Africans were either equality or the separation of races, however, they thought equality meant death for the nation.In order to save the country, Afrikaners believed that that they had to separate the people because they thought it was beneficial towards everyone. In a statement by the National Party of South Africa it stated, â€Å"†¦ the future of every race will be protected and safeguarded with full opportunities for development and self-maintenance in their own ideas, without clashing with the interests of the other† (Doc 1). The National Party explained at the beginning of Apartheid how it was best for the country and how everything would be separate, but they each would have opportunities.They made it seem like Apartheid was the best option and without Apartheid it would mean national su icide because of the clash of races. South African High Commissioner Dr. A. L. Geyer talked about how Apartheid is a policy of self-preservation and it will allow Bantus to develop as a separate people, when giving a speech at the Rotary Club of London (Doc 3). In Geyer’s speech he stated that Apartheid would save the country because it would allow whites to rule and he felt they were more mature.This showed how Geyer believed in white supremacy because he was white and that Apartheid would allow the whites not only to save the country, but also to run the country because they would be considered superior. When speaking to Parliament, P. W. Botha was quoted in saying how he felt that the Bantus could never live in the white areas, or else the country would perish (Doc 7). Botha was the leader of South Africa when he said this and it showed how he believed in white supremacy as well, because he was disgusted at the idea of integration.He felt that if the blacks were to get any opportunities in life, then it would kill the country because he looked at them as inferior. In an opinion poll regarding the South African Government’s handling of combating terrorism it showed how the whites felt they did (Doc 14). This document only asked the white’s opinion of handling terror and showed how the whites used violence against black rebellions. The Government referred to all blacks that were anti-Apartheid terrorists and the poll described how well the government dealt with them.The Afrikaners enforced the Apartheid because they thought if they did not then the country would not survive. In addition to how Afrikaners believed that Apartheid was necessary for their self-preservation, they also had no problem using violence against the Bantus. The ANC turned violent only because of the violence directed towards them by the South African government. In the chart created by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission regarding the acts of severe ill treatment , it showed how the South African Police were the main cause of violence in South Africa (Doc13).The chart also showed how the ANC caused only one third of the amount of destruction and violence than the South African Police did. This displayed how the government of South Africa was most responsible for the crimes committed under Apartheid because of the amount of Bantus they killed or injured. In Nelson Mandela’s autobiography he wrote, â€Å"We are embarking on a new and more dangerous path, a path of organized violence, the results of which we did not and could not know† (Doc 5).Mandela explained in this quote how using violence was a new tactic for the ANC and they were just reacting to the violence towards them by the South African government. Mandela chose a path of violence because he understood that the peaceful approach was not working. In a leaflet issued by the command of the Spear of the Nation it talked about how the Bantus could no longer sit around and m ust take action by using force in order to achieve freedom (Doc 6). The leaflet showed the people that they had the option of submitting or fighting because the overnment was not reacting to their peaceful protests. The author of this document believed in fighting for freedom because he was tired of the government’s injustices. Many members of the ANC felt the need to resort to violence towards the South African government because they were unable to sit peacefully while the government committed violent acts to them. In spite of how the Afrikaners believed that Apartheid was necessary for the success of South Africa, the UN felt the opposite because they saw the harm it was doing to the Bantu people.The UN understood how Apartheid was oppressing the black people and took action to stop it because they did not want oppression to continue. In the UN Resolution on Race Conflict it stated how Apartheid’s polices were based on racial discriminations reprehensible and repugn ant to dignity (Doc 4). The UN showed in this document how they disliked the idea of Apartheid because of how it was dehumanizing the Bantus.The UN felt that nobody should be treated the way blacks were treated under Apartheid and that what was being done to them in South Africa was wrong. The UN also took a photo inside a Bantu homeland to show the effects of Apartheid and it was depressing to see the conditions that they were forced to live in (Doc 10). The Bantus had to live in the worst conditions, while the whites were able to live in luxury and the UN took the picture to show the world how devastating Apartheid was.The photograph displayed how most of the population had to suffer because of the Apartheid. In the Disproportionate Treatment circa 1978, it compared the lifestyles of blacks and whites in South Africa and showed the dramatic differences in the way they each lived (Doc 9). The chart demonstrated how much land, money spent on education, income, doctors, and teachers each race were given. The chart was labeled â€Å"Disproportionate Treatment†, but it did not describe how unfair of a life blacks were automatically brought into, with no hope of advancing.The UN understood the negative effects that the Apartheid brought to the Bantus in South Africa which is why they tried to end it. Apartheid may have been looked at as beneficial by the Afrikaners because they it allowed them to be superior, however, it had a detrimental effect on the Bantu people because of the inequality that they were forced to go through. Afrikaners felt Apartheid was necessary for the self-preservation of South Africa, some of the members of the ANC believed in violence to end the Apartheid because the excessive government violence owards them, and the United Nations condemned Apartheid because they felt it was oppressive. After the Apartheid ended, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated people whose human rights were violated under Apartheid and provide d them with amnesty, from the perpetrator. This allowed people to accept what happened under Apartheid and move on to the future. It will take a long time to heal the wounds of Apartheid, however, the TRC will aid the process.